INDIA AND PAKISTAN SINCE INDEPENDENCE

INDIA AND PAKISTAN SINCE INDEPENDENCE

PARTITION

JINNAH AND PAKISTAN

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ElEYZ_BJl0M&feature=fvw

BORDER CEREMONY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hjcF6lmBqGs

The problem of Kashmir

Kashmir is India’s only Muslim majority territory India accuses Pakistan of waging a proxy war by arming militants Jammu’s population is 2/3 Hindu Kashmiris never voted; extremists/separatists were born Why did the U.S. adopt Pakistan as its ally?

Indian Politics

Nehru (1947)>>

<<Indira Gandhi (1966-77, 80-84)

Rajiv Gandhi>> (1984-89)

>> Singh (2004-now)

NEHRU

FIVE YEAR PLANS SOCIALIST ECONOMY NEUTRAL IN COLD WAR LEFT BRITISH-TRAINED CIVIL SERVICE INTACT INDIA A “ONE-PARTY DEMOCRACY” – Nehru was very popular and respected Prime minister 1948-1966, when he died

INDIRA GANDHI

NEHRU’S DAUGHTER NOT RELATED TO MAHATMA GANDHI POPULAR BUT ECONOMY DID POORLY IN 1970s P.M. 1966-1977, 1980-84. ASSASSINATED BY A SIKH BODYGUARD.

A FAKE “EMERGENCY” – INDIA REMAINS A DEMOCRACY

INDIRA GANDHI TRIES TO GAIN DICTATORIAL POWERS WHEN SHE’S ACCUSED OF CORRUPTION IN 1975 JANATA DAL PARTY DEFEATS CONGRESS IN ELECTIONS IN 1977, RESTORES FULL DEMOCRACY AND CIVIL RIGHTS – First time Congress party is defeated. DESPITE ITS PROBLEMS, INDIA REMAINS COMMITTED TO POLITICAL DEMOCRACY

RAJIV GANDHI

INDIRA’S SON POPULAR INTERVENES IN SRI LANKA CIVIL WAR P.M. FROM 1984 UNTIL ASSASSINATED BY TAMIL SEPARATISTS IN 1991

MORE GANDHIS

Indira’s other son, Sanjay, died in a plane crash in 1980. Rajiv’s widow, Sonia, is Italian-born. She is president of the Congress party. Controversy about whether she should run for higher office.

ECONOMIC REFORMS – 1991 – THE BIG CHANGE

MANMOHAN SINGH becomes finance minister in 1991 Engineers major reforms to loosen up government control of the economy Economic takeoff in past 17 years. Singh is currently Prime Minister Member of Congress Party

INDIA’S ECONOMIC GROWTH

HINDU-MUSLIM TENSIONS

Ayodhya riots Mumbai riots 1992-93. Thousands dead.

HINDU NATIONALISM

BJP Party wins national elections in 1998. Favors confrontation with Pakistan Develop nuclear weapons program, acccomplish little else.

INDIA’S ASSETS

GOOD TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE BUILT BY BRITISH (RAILROAD NETWORK) PUSH FOR EDUCATION – MANY WELL-TRAINED PEOPLE HUGE MIDDLE CLASS HIGH TECH INDUSTRIES – CENTERED IN BANGALORE WORLD’S BIGGEST DEMOCRACY POLITICAL STABILITY COMMON USE OF ENGLISH BY EDUCATED PEOPLE ABLE TO FEED ITSELF THANKS TO “GREEN REVOLUTION”

BOLLYWOOD WORLD’S LARGEST MOVIE INDUSTRY

INDIA’S PROBLEMS

MASSIVE POVERTY CONFLICT BETWEEN CASTES & RELIGIONS THREE WARS WITH PAKISTAN OVER KASHMIR – TERRORISTS FROM KASHMIR; 1962 border war with China NUCLEAR STANDOFF WITH PAKISTAN

INDIAN PARADOX – POVERTY AND POWER

PAKISTAN AND BANGLADESH – Countries which were Muslim parts of British

India before partition

PAKISTAN

ORIGINALLY TWO TERRITORIES, A THOUSAND MILES APART, SPEAKING TWO UNRELATED LANGUAGES WEST PAKISTAN DOMINATED WEST PAKISTAN HAD FERTILE LAND ONLY IN THE INDUS RIVER SYSTEM

POLITICAL HISTORY

PAKISTAN ALTERNATED BETWEEN ELECTED DEMOCRACY AND MILITARY DICTATORSHIP Shown at left: Zulfikar and Benazir Bhutto

Pakistan Politics

Jinnah (1947)>>

<<Zulfikar Bhutto (1973-77)

Benazir Bhutto>> (1988-90, 93-96)

Sharif (1990-93, 97-99)

Zardari (now)

<< Musharraf (1999-2008)

CREATION OF BANGLADESH

In 1970s, Pakistani dictator Ayub Khan cracked down on politicians inEast Pakistan. In 1971 election, East Pakistani leader Sheik Mujibur Rahman (right) won national elections. The military government refused to accept the results. East Pakistan seceded and became independent with help from India.

BANGLADESH

Soon after independence, Bangladesh was hit with massive floods and famine

BANGLADESH

LAND OF RIVER DELTAS – VERY PRODUCTIVE LAND PERIODIC FLOODING BECAUSE OF MONSOONS EXTREME POVERTY FEARS TODAY OF ISLAMIC EXTREMISM POLITICAL SYSTEM IS DEMOCRATIC BUT NOT VERY STABLE.

BANGLADESH FLOODING: A PERENNIAL PROBLEM

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R3ax_v1Bnjc

PAKISTAN TODAY

MILITARY DICTATORSHIP SINCE 2000 HISTORICALLY, AN ALLY OF THE U.S. AMBIGUOUS ROLE IN TERRORISM

Pakistan’s Ethnic groups

Punjabi: majority ethnic group that dominates politics and army Pashtun: mountain region on the border of Afghanistan; government has little control over them; fierce protectors of their land & guests Sindi: mostly rural, it is dominated by feudal families, like the Bhuttos Baluch: sparsely settled; heroin smuggling is high; very poor

PAKISTAN’S CONNECTION WITH ISLAMIC TERRORISM

In 1980, military dictator of Pakistan solidified his power by passing Islamization program, instituting sharia or Islamic law.

PAKISTANI INTELLIGENCE SECRETLY AIDED THE TALIBAN IN AFGHANISTAN, AND

IN TERROR ATTACKS ON INDIA FROM KASHMIR

MADRASAS

NORTHWEST FRONTIER

LITTLE GOVERNMENT CONTROL OVER ARMED SEMI-NOMADIC TRIBES OSAMA PROBABLY HIDING IN MOUNTAINS THERE

THE “ISLAMIC BOMB”

PAKISTAN EXPLODED ITS FIRST NUCLEAR DEVICE IN DESERT IN 1998. DR. A.Q. KHAN RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS SECRET DEVELOPMENT, AND SHARED TECHNOLOGY WITH “ROGUE STATES” LIKE LIBYA, NORTH KOREA, MAYBE OTHERS

NUCLEAR CRISIS

NEAR-NUCLEAR CONFRONTATION OVER KASHMIR IN 1998

THE END OF MUSHARAF

Musharaf dismissed the Supreme Court after he stepped down as head of the army Lawyers protested

ASSASSINATION OF BENAZIR BHUTTO

Prior to parliamentary elections this year, opposition leaders were allowed back into the country Benazir Bhutto returned, was assassinated

NEW PRIME MINISTER SWORN IN – TRANSITION BACK TO DEMOCRACY

Has freed imprisoned judges Army remains strongest institution in country Rebellion in Baluchistan province Problems of poverty and lack of development