Презентация на тему «Welcome to 6.007 – Applied Electromagnetics From Motors to Lasers»

Welcome to 6.007 – Applied Electromagnetics From Motors to Lasers What

is inside an iPhone ?

iPhone Technical Specifications Operating System: OS X Memory: 4gb or

8gb versions available Processor: 32-bit, 620 MHz core Muliti-Touch Display: 3.5 inch 480 x 320-pixel HVGA resolution,160 dpi Wireless: Quad-band (850,900,1800,1900 MHz), WiFi (802.11b/g), EDGE, Bluetooth 2.0+EDR Digital Camera: 2.0 mega pixels with 1200x1600 resolution Battery: 1400 mAh, 3.7 V Rechargeable lithium-ion, Talk time: up to 8 hours, Standby time: up to 250 hours, Internet use: up to 6 hours, Video playback: up to 7 hours, Audio playback: up to 24 hours Size: 4.5 x 2.4 x 0.46 in (115 x 61 x 11.6 mm) Weight: 4.8 ounces (135 grams)

For more views of iPhone under the hood see http://www.eetimes.eu/200001828 http://www.eetimes.eu/200001864

E

Capacitors

Maxwell’s Equations

Capacitors in the iPhone

E

iPhone Capacitive Touch Sensor

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) and Touch Panel

Protective cover

Capacitive Touch Sensor

Iphone image by Sean MacEntee http://www.flickr.com/photos/smemon/4679667189/sizes/l/in/photostream/ on flickr

Accelerometers

SENSOR AT REST

RESPONDING TO AN APPLIED ACCELERATION (MOVEMENT SHOWN IS GREATLY EXAGGERATED)

Accelerometer

… detects when you rotate the iPhone from Portrait to Landscape, and automatically rotates the content of the display

Accelerometers are Everywhere

Capacitors in the iPhone

Liquid Crystal Displays

-Liquid crystals are electrically controlled light switches

E

E

Liquid Crystal Displays

How can a material rotate polarization? (ANSWER IN LAB 3)

Nexus One: Organic LED Display

OLED subpixels …

OLED pixels …

Organic emitters …

Nexus One picture in public domain

CMOS Photodiode Imagers

CMOS Imager Pixel

Photon Charge (electron + hole) Current (E-field pulls charge apart)

CMOS Photodiode Imagers

CMOS Imagers: Color Filters

Capacitors in the iPhone

-

MOSFET: Transistor in a Nutshell

Conduction electron flow

Control Gate

Drain

Source

Transistor is an electrically (capacitively) controlled switch

Image courtesy of J. Hoyt Group, EECS, MIT. Photo by L. Gomez

Image courtesy of J. Hoyt Group, EECS, MIT. Photo by L. Gomez

Erased ‘1’

Programmed ‘0’

8GB iPhone employs Samsung's 65-nanometer 8-Gbyte MLC NAND flash

Stored Electrons

Card picture in public domain

Capacitors in the iPhone

Programmed ‘0’

Image courtesy of Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT. Photo by L. Gomez, J. Hoyt

Capacitors in the iPhone

Three Big Ideas in 6.007

MECHANICAL–TO–ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONVERSION INTERACTION OF LIGHT AND MATERIALS QUANTUM MECHANICAL TUNNELING

iPhone Components

6.007 Concepts

Touchpad

Capacitors

Display

Lights, Waveguides, Filters

Memory Card SIM

QM Tunneling Phenomena

Camera

Light Absorption, Photodetectors

Battery

Chemical Energy Conversion / Storage

Antennas

EM waves

Accelerometer, Speaker

Mechanical Energy Conversion, MEMS

LEDs

Solid State Lighting

iPhone Components

6.007 Concepts

Touchpad

Capacitors

Accelerometer, Speaker

Mechanical Energy Conversion, MEMS

Battery

Chemical Energy Conversion

Antennas

EM waves

Camera

Light Absorption, Photodetectors

Display

Lights, Waveguides, Filters, Eyes

Memory Card SIM

QM Tunneling Phenomena

LEDs

Solid State Lighting

Inductors in the iPhone

not a simple inductor (not magnetostatics)

Magnetometers

Lorentz Force Law…

Hall Effect Magnetic field deflects electrons … … charge piles up on edges & creates transverse potential difference

What is this doing in the iPhone 3G and Nexus One?

Nexus One picture in public domain

Course Details

Recommended Reading

Grading

5 Labs 10% 10 Problem Sets 20% 2 Midterms 40% 1 Final Exam 30%

Applied Electromagnetics (Third edition) L. C. Shen, J. A. Kong, PWS publishing, 1995.

An Introduction to Quantum Physics A.P. French, E. F. Taylor W. W. Norton & Co, 1978.

Image is in the public domain

Energy Conversion in the iPhone

Energy Conversion in the iPhone

Heat: Charging and discharging transistors (capacitors) Microprocessor energy consumption: Variable speed microprocessor 620 MHz at 0.45 mW/MHz Running 7 hours of video at ~280mW (620 MHz) = 1960 mWh Running 8 hours of audio at <280mW (<620 MHz) < 2240 mWh Visible Light: LED in Display: 3mW/cm2 for ~40 cm2 = 120 mW (40%) of processor power 7 hours of displaying = 840 mWh Radio: Antenna radiation: 130mW of radiation (for 135g iPhone ? 0.974 W/kg) 8 hours of operation = 1040 mWh (Note: allowed FCC rating for portable appliances – 1.6 W of radiation per kg) Total consumption over 7 hours of video (microprocessor+display) = 2800 mWh Total consumption over 8 hours of talk (microprocessor+antenna) = 3280 mWh

Battery capacity 1400 mAh at 3.7V = 5180 mWh

Good Engineers …

Place ethics and morals above all else Are team players Follow a deterministic design process Follow a schedule Document their work Never stop learning

6.007 Electromagnetic Energy: From Motors to Lasers

MIT OpenCourseWare

http://ocw.mit.edu

Spring 2011

For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.