Словообразование в английском языке

Word formation

Словообразование

(word-building).

В английском языке имеется несколько способов словообразо­вания: 1) конверсия (образование новых слов без изменения их написания и произношения) 2) словосложение (образова­ние нового слова путем сложения двух слов в одно) 3) изменение ударения в слове (и получение нового слова другой части речи). 4) аффиксация (прибавление к корню суффикса или префикса)

Словообразование с помощью аффиксации

Prefixes

Meaning

Examples

anti -

= against

antisocial

bi -

= two

biannual

co -

= with

co-driver

ex-

= previous, former

ex-husband

inter-

= between

international

mis-

= done wrongly or badly

misbehave

mono-

= one

monorail

multi-

=many

multinational

non-

= not

non-fiction

out-

= more, better

outnumber

Prefixes

Словообразование с помощью аффиксации.

Prefixes

Meaning

Examples

over-

= done to a great extent

overwork

post

= after

postdate

pre-

= before

prehistoric

pro-

= in favour of

pro-government

re-

= again

redecorate

semi-

= half

semi-final

sub-

= under, less

submarine

super-

=big, more

superhuman

trans-

= travel from one side , to another

transcontinental

under-

= not enough

undercooked

To express opposite meaning

Словообразование с помощью аффиксации.

To express opposite meaning: de- defrost, decompose dis- dishonest, dislike in- indirect, independent But: il- (before l ) illogical im- (before m, p) immoral, impractical ir- (before r) irresponsible But: unreliable, unreasonable non- non-smoke, non-stop un- unacceptable, unemployed

Untrue

prehistoric, ultramodern, postwar, ex-champion, anti-body, de­compose, decode, deform, depart, discover, disappearance, reread, re­construct, coauthor, unequal, misunderstand, undress, disarm, anti-fascist, cooperation, co-existence, interaction, superhuman, ultra-violet.

Ex. 1. Переведите следующие слова, выделите в них суффиксы и префиксы

Suffixes

Nouns referring to people Verb + er/or/ar teach-teacher; sail-sailor; Noun/ verb/ adjective + ist motor-motorist; tour-tourist; Verb + ant/ ent study-student; Noun + an/ ian republic-republican; library- librarian

Nouns formed from verbs

Suffixes.

Nouns formed from verbs -age pack- package -al refuse-refusal -ance accept-acceptance -ation realize-realization -ence differ-difference -ion revise-revision -ment enjoy-enjoyment -sion comprehend-comprehension -sis hypnotise -hypnosis -tion prescribe- prescription

Adjectives

Suffixes.

Nouns formed from adjectives -ance important-importance -cy vacant-vacancy -ence competent-competence -ion desolate-desolation -ness lonely-loneliness -ity formal-formality -ty loyal-loyalty -y modest-modesty

Adjectives formed from nouns

Suffixes.

Adjectives formed from nouns -ous fame-famous -al addition-additional -ic hero-heroic -ive expense-expensive -ful (with) care-careful -less (without) care-careless -y health-healthy -ly friend-friendly

Adjectives formed from verbs

Suffixes.

Adjectives formed from verbs -able like-likable -ible defend-defensible -ive conclude-conclusive Verbs formed from adjectives -en light-lighten -ise legal-legalise

Achievement

- achieve, resistance - resistant, assistance - assist - assistant, celebration - celebrate, difference - different, city - citizen, na­tion - national - nationality, measure - measurement, develop - develop­ment, act - active - activity, contain - container, discover - discovery - dis­coverer, literature - literary, graduate - graduation - undergraduate - post-graduate, educate - education, progress - progressive, act - action - activity - active, govern - governor - government.

Ex. 2. Определите, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова. Переведите их:

Существительные

to lead, to write, to read, to visit, to speak, to sleep, to act, to direct, to conduct, to drive, to fight, to mine, to report, to sing, to skate, to swim, to teach, to travel, to sail, to invent, to found, to compose.

Ex. З. Образуйте от данных глаголов существительные с по­мощью суффикса -ег или -or. Переведите на русский язык:

Образуйте прилагательные с помощью суффиксов

Develop, achieve, move, arrange, treat, state, improve, agree, equip, govern, require, measure, announce, pave. Образуйте прилагательные с помощью суффиксов -ful и -less, переведите их на русский язык: Beauty, thank, hope, doubt, care, aim, use, shape, fruit, power, thought, harm, colour.

Образуйте от данных глаголов существительные с помощью суффикса -ment. Переведите на русский язык:

Образуйте наречия с помощью суффикса

Change, convert, prevent, break, compare, desire, profit, read, comfort, respect, expect Образуйте наречия с помощью суффикса -lу и переведите их Bad, first, part, quick, strong, short, silent, rapid, wide, extreme, cruel, kind, happy.

Образуйте прилагательные с помощью суффиксов -able, -ible, переведите их на русский язык: